2.08.1 Partnership Defined (1)

Question 問題、
For federal tax purposes, the term "pertnership" includes all of the following EXCEPT a

A. Syndicate.

B. Pool.

C. Joint venture.

D. Trust

The correct answer is 正解は、[D. Trust]
パートナシップとは、複数の者が共同所有者として営利事業を営む社団（人の集合体）をいう。
連邦税法上は「組合 (syndicate)、グループ (group)、共同出資 (pool)、ジョイント・ベンチャー (joint venture) などの事業活動を行う団体で、法人、信託、遺産財団ではないものをパートナーシップに含む」と定義されている。

（参考）事業の形態と主な申告書番号

個人事業主（自営業者）：	Form 1040、Schedule C、Schedule F
パートナーシップ、LLC：	Form 1065
普通法人：	Form 1120
Sコーポレーション：	Form 1120S
信託、遺産財団：	Form 1041
非課税組織：	Form 990

2.07.3 Casualty and Theft Losses (2)

Question 問題、
Tom Thumb owned a greenhouse that was built on leased land. He used the greenhouse one-half for business and one-half for personal uses. In 2019, the greenhouse was totally destroyed by a hurricane and was in a federally declared disaster area. The greenhouse cost $500,000 to build, had a fair market value of $300,000, and had accumulated depreciation of $50,000 when it was destroyed. Tom received $250,000 from his insurance company in 2019 to reimburse him for the loss. Tom's adjusted gross income for 2019 is $54,000. What is the amount of Tom's deductible loss on the greenhouse for 2019?

A. 150,000

B. 144,500

C. 25,000

D. 99,500

The correct answer is 正解は、[D. 99,500]
事業用部分 $75,000 = 取得価額 $500,000/2 - 減価償却累計額 $50,000 - 保険金 $250,000/2
個人使用分 $24,500 = 時価 $300,000/2 (＜ 取得価額 $500,000/2) - 保険金 $250,000/2 - 災害1件につき $500(*)
事業用資産が全壊した場合は災害直前のbasisを、部分損壊及び個人資産の場合は時価の減少額かbasisの小さい方を損失の額とします。
(* 2018年までは災害1件につき$100とAGIの10%)

2.07.3 Casualty and Theft Losses (1)

Question 問題、
A taxpayer suffered an $11,000 loss of inventory when his cooler malfunctioned. He had no insurance for this type of loss. He shows this loss on his tax return by

A. Taking a bad debt deduction of $22,000, the amount he would have sold the inventory for.

B. Taking an ordinary loss on Form 4797 of $11,000.

C. Taking a business loss on his Schedule C as reflected by an increase of $11,000 in cost of goods sold.

D. Taking a loss of $11,000 as a bad debt on Schedule D.

The correct answer is 正解は、[C. Taking a  business loss on his Schedule C as reflected by an increase of $11,000 in cost of goods sold.]
棚卸資産に生じた偶発的な損失は売上原価に加算（期末棚卸高を減少）して控除する。
Form 4797: Sale of Business Propertyは事業用資産の売却等の計算フォーム。

2.07.2 Net Operating Loss (2)

Question 問題、
Based on the following information, compute the 2018 net operating loss (NOL) that an individual can carry over 2019.
- 2017 NOL $(15,000)
- Wages $25,000
- S corporation loss $(40,000)
- Schedule C net profit $7,000
- Interest income $500
- 2018 Standard deduction $12,000

A. $22,500

B. $8,000

C. $19,500

D. $20,000

The correct answer is 正解は、[B. $8,000]
= Taxable income (wages $25,000 - S Corp. loss $40,000 + Sch.C net profit $7,000 + interest income $500 - standard deduction $12,000) - interest income $500 + standard deduction $12,000
個人納税者の欠損金 (NOL) は、事業活動から生じた純損失であるため、投資活動等の非事業活動から生じた損益は足し戻す。
本問では2018年のNOLの計算を求められているので前年度のNOLは含まない。

2.07.2 Net Operating Loss (1)

Question 問題、
Mr. Trim sustained a net operation loss (NOL) for 2018. To what years may he carry the NOL?

A. Back 3 years; forward 5 years.

B. Back 0 years; forward indefinitely.

C. Back 5 years; forward 20 years.

D. Back 3 years; forward 15 years.

The correct answer is 正解は、[B. Back 0 years; forward indefinitely.]
2018年1月1日以降に終了する課税年度に生じたNOLは無期限繰越し可能（80%控除制限）。
2017年12月31日以前に終了する課税年度に生じたNOLは20年繰越し（控除制限なし）。

2.07.1 General Business Credit (5)

Question 問題、
Ryan runs a manufacturing business employing several people with young children. These employees require daycare as both parents work. He dicided that, in order to make it easier for his employees to come to work each day, he would allocate some of the unused space in his manufacturing facility to a childcare facility. In 2018, he incurred $20,000 in qualified childcare facility expenditures. He had no qualified childcare resource and referral expenditures and had no pass-though credits. What is Ryan's credit for 2018?

A. $20,000

B. $2,000

C. $10,000

D. $5,000

The correct answer is 正解は、[D. $5,000]
雇用主提供チャイルドケア税額控除 (employer-provided childcare credit) は年間$150,000を上限として当該費用の25%を控除可。
$20,000 x 25% = $5,000

2.07.1 General Business Credit (4)

Qestion 問題、
The F & E Pertnership spent $100,000 on eligible access expenditures that qualify for the Disabled Access Credit. The partnership had gross receipts of $1 million and 30 full-time employees during the preceding tax year. What is the amount of the Disabled Access Credit for the year 2018?

A. $5,000

B. $10,000

C. $250

D. $50,000

The correct answer is 正解は、[A. $5,000]
障がい者アクセス税額控除 (Disabled Access Credit) は前年売上100万ドル以下または従業員30人以下の小規模事業者に対し適用され、建物改造費用等の$250を超えて$10,250までのうちの50％（$10,250 - $250 = $5,000）まで控除可能。

2.07.1 General Business Credit (3)

Qestion 問題、
An employee who qualifies for the Work Opportunity Credit must be a mumber of a targeted group. All of the following are considered targeted groups EXCEPT

A. Qualified veretans.

B. Qualified relatives of the employer.

C. Qualified summer yourth employees.

D. Qualified food stamp recipients.

The correct answer is 正解は、[B. Qualified relatives of the employer.]
雇用機会税額控除 (work opportunity credit) は高失業率グループ（一定の生活保護受給者、指定地域居住者、退役軍人、経済的に困窮している若者等）から従業員を雇用した場合に適用される。
従業員の親族 (relatives of the employer) を雇用しても対象にはならない。

2.07.1 General Business Credit (2)

Question 問題、
During 2018, Archie had the following:
- Disabled Access Credit $5,000
- Business Energy Credit $400
- Net income tax $30,000
- Tentative minimum tax $15,000
What is the maximum amount of General Business Credit Archie can claim for 2018?

A. $5,400

B. $6,480

C. $7,200

D. $7,500

The correct answer is 正解は、[A. $5,400]
一般事業税額控除 (general business credit: GBC) はNet income tax から以下の大きい方を差し引いた金額を限度に控除可能。
1. 試算税額 (tentative minimum tax)
2. 通常税額の$25,000超の部分の25%

障がい者アクセス税額控除 $5,000 + エネルギー税額控除 $400 = $5,400 ＜ net income tax $30,000 - tentative minimum tax $15,000

2.07.1 General Business Credit (1)

Question 問題、
Your General Business Credit is limited to your net income tax minus

A. Your alternative minimum tax.

B. Your tentative minimum tax.

C. Your net income tax.

D. The greater of the tentative minimum tax (for individuals) or 25% of net regular tax liability above $25,000.

The correct answer is 正解は、[D. The greater of the tentative minimum tax (for individuals) or 25% of net regular tax liability above $25,000.]
一般事業税額控除 (general business credit: GBC) は複数の税額控除から構成されており、Net income tax から以下の大きい方を差し引いた金額を限度に控除可能。
1. 試算税額 (tentative minimum tax)
2. 通常税額の$25,000超の部分の25%

2.06.5 Depreciation Recapture (3)

Question 問題、
In 2013, you purchased a candy-making machine for your business. The machine cost $50,000, and you claimed a $20,000 Internal Revenue Code Section 179 deduction for that machine. In 2018, you sold the machine for $52,000. Your accumulated depreciation from 2013 through 2018 was $18,974 (not including the Section 179 deduction). How much is your taxable gain, and what portion of that gain must be reported as ordinary income under Internal Revenue Code Section 1245?

A. Taxable gain of $40,974 and ordinary income of $38,974.

B. Taxable gain of $40,974 and ordinary income of $40,974.

C. Taxable gain of $20,974 and ordinary income of $18,974.

D. Taxable gain of $2,000 and ordinary income of $2,000.

The correct answer is 正解は、[A. Taxable gain of $40,974 and ordinary income of $38,974.]
売却益 $40,974 = 売却額 $52,000 - (取得価額 $50,000 - Sec.179控除 $20,000 - 減価償却累計額 $18,974)
通常所得 (ordinary income) = 過去の償却部分 $38,974 = Sec.179控除 $20,000 + 減価償却累計額 $18,974
1年超保有の事業用の減価償却対象資産 (Sec.1231 asset) の売却益は長期キャピタル・ゲインとして扱うことができるが、減価償却対象の動産及び償却対象の無形資産 (Sec.1245 asset) についてはリキャプチャー規定が適用され、過去の償却部分までを通常所得 (ordinary income) として扱わなければならない。